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Choose a unique company name and verify its availability at the local Chamber of Commerce. Draft and notarize the Articles of Association and gather required documents, such as potential shareholder and director identifications. Register the company with the local Trade Registry Office and simultaneously announce the establishment in the Trade Registry Gazette. Obtain a tax identification number from the local tax office and ensure all fiscal obligations are set up. Open a company bank account, deposit the required capital, and complete any additional industry-specific licensing or permits. Engaging with local legal and business professionals in Turkey is advisable to navigate the specific details and ensure compliance.

In Turkey, the legal framework provides for various types of business entities. Here are the primary types:

1. Sole Proprietorship (Şahıs İşletmesi): Managed by an individual owner who has unlimited liability for the company’s debts.

2. Collective Company (Kollektif Şirket): A partnership where all partners have unlimited liability. It’s suitable for small-scale businesses and operates under a company name.

3. Commandite Company (Komandit Şirket): A partnership with two types of partners: active partners with unlimited liability and silent partners with liability limited to their contribution.

4. Joint Stock Company (Anonim Şirket – A.Ş.): A corporation where shareholders’ liability is limited to their capital contribution. Suitable for large businesses, it can offer shares to the public and requires a higher minimum capital compared to an LLC.

5. Limited Liability Company (Limited Şirket – Ltd. Şti.): Popular among medium and small-sized businesses, it has members instead of shareholders. The liability of members is limited to their capital commitment.

6. Cooperative (Kooperatif): Formed by individuals or legal entities to facilitate the use of specific goods and services. The aim is not primarily to make a profit.

7. Liaison Office: Foreign companies can establish liaison offices in Turkey. These offices cannot engage in commercial activities but can undertake market research and other non-commercial functions.

8. Branch Office: Foreign companies can also open branch offices in Turkey. Unlike liaison offices, branch offices can carry out commercial activities but operate under the parent company’s responsibility.

Each type of business entity in Turkey has specific requirements, benefits, and drawbacks. It’s essential to seek advice from local professionals when considering starting a business in Turkey to ensure the chosen type aligns with the business objectives and complies with all regulations.

In Turkey, an “individual company” refers to a “Şahıs İşletmesi,” which can be translated as “Sole Proprietorship.” Here are the characteristics of a Şahıs İşletmesi:

1. Single Owner: The business is owned and operated by a single individual. There are no shareholders or partners.

2. Personal Liability: The owner has unlimited personal liability for all the debts and obligations of the business. This means that if the business can’t pay its debts, creditors can seek repayment from the owner’s personal assets.

3. Registration: Even though it’s a sole proprietorship, the business still needs to be registered with the local trade registry and obtain necessary licenses or permits.

4. Taxation: Profits from the sole proprietorship are considered as personal income for the owner. The owner is required to file an annual income tax return and is responsible for paying any taxes owed.

5. Simplicity: One of the advantages of a Şahıs İşletmesi is its simplicity in terms of establishment, operation, and management. There aren’t as many legal formalities compared to other types of business structures in Turkey.

6. No Separate Legal Entity: Unlike corporations or limited liability companies, a sole proprietorship doesn’t create a separate legal entity. The business and the owner are considered one and the same for both legal and tax purposes.

For those considering starting a sole proprietorship in Turkey, it’s essential to understand the implications, especially regarding personal liability, and to seek local advice to ensure compliance with local regulations and laws.

Forming an individual company (Şahıs İşletmesi or Sole Proprietorship) in Turkey is generally quicker and less complicated than establishing other types of business entities, such as Limited Şirket. Here’s a rough timeline:

1. Choosing and Verifying Company Name: While this is a more straightforward process for individual companies than for corporations, it’s still important to ensure the desired name isn’t already in use. This can usually be done within a day.

2. Tax Office Registration: You need to apply to the local tax office to get a tax identification number. Depending on the workload of the tax office, this process can take anywhere from a few hours to a couple of days.

3. Chamber of Commerce or Chamber of Craftsmen and Artisans Registration: Depending on the nature of the business, you’ll need to register with the relevant chamber (either Chamber of Commerce for trade activities or Chamber of Craftsmen and Artisans for craft/artisan activities). This process can take 1-3 days, depending on the chamber’s specific requirements and workload.

4. Obtaining Necessary Permits and Licenses: Depending on the business type, there might be additional permits or licenses required. For instance, if you’re opening a restaurant, you’ll need health and safety permits. The duration for obtaining these can vary widely based on the type of permit/license and the relevant authority’s processing time.

5. Setting up a Business Bank Account: While not always mandatory, it’s often advisable to have a separate bank account for your business. This can usually be done in a day or two, depending on the bank and the provided documents.

In summary, under optimal conditions, forming an individual company in Turkey can take roughly 1 week. However, potential delays due to bureaucracy, waiting times, or additional permits can extend this period. It’s always a good idea to start the process with ample time in hand and possibly with the guidance of a local expert, especially if you’re unfamiliar with Turkish procedures and regulations.

Forming an individual company (Şahıs İşletmesi or Sole Proprietorship) in Turkey requires fewer documents than establishing a corporate entity. Here’s a list of primary documents and requirements:

1. Identification Document:

   • For Turkish residents: A copy of the identification card.
   • For foreign nationals: A copy of the passport (with a notarized Turkish translation). Depending on the province or specific requirements, a residence permit might also be necessary.

2. Tax Office Application: You’ll need to fill out the necessary forms to apply for a tax identification number at the local tax office.

3. Lease Agreement or Title Deed: If you’re planning to operate your business at a specific location, you need to provide a copy of the lease agreement or the title deed for that property. Some districts might also request a location suitability certificate, indicating the suitability of the premises for the intended business activity.

4. Chamber Registration Form: Depending on your business’s nature, you might need to register with the local Chamber of Commerce (for trade activities) or the Chamber of Craftsmen and Artisans (for craft or artisan activities). Registration forms and specific requirements can vary by chamber.

5. Power of Attorney: If you’re not handling the registration process yourself and are using a representative, you need to provide a notarized power of attorney granting authority to the representative.

6. Proof of Payment of Registration Fees: Both the tax office and the relevant chamber will have associated registration fees. You’ll need to provide proof of payment for these fees.

7. Additional Permits and Licenses: Depending on the business type and activity, you might need specific permits or licenses. For instance, restaurants will need health and safety permits. The required documents for these licenses will vary based on the nature of the business.

The exact list and details might differ depending on changes in regulations, specific conditions of the business, or local requirements. It’s advisable to consult with a local legal expert or consultant in Turkey when setting up a Şahıs İşletmesi to ensure full compliance and to get assistance with potential additional document requirements.

In Turkey, a “limited company” refers to the “Limited Şirket” (often abbreviated as “Ltd. Şti.”). It’s one of the most common types of business entities chosen by both domestic and foreign investors. Here are the main characteristics of a Limited Şirket:

1. Members, Not Shareholders: Unlike joint stock companies (A.Ş.), which have shareholders, a Limited Şirket has members. These members contribute a specified amount of capital to the company.

2. Limited Liability: The liability of members is limited to their capital contribution. This means that members are only responsible for company debts and obligations up to the amount they’ve invested.

3. Minimum Capital Requirement: As of my last update in January 2022, the minimum capital requirement to establish a Limited Şirket was 10,000 TL. However, regulations can change, so it’s always recommended to check the current requirements.

4. Management: The company can be managed by one or more managers. They can be members of the company or outsiders. The management structure and responsibilities are typically defined in the company’s articles of association.

5. Registration and Establishment: The company must be registered with the Trade Registry in the jurisdiction where the company’s head office is located. The registration process involves preparing the Articles of Association, holding the inaugural meeting, depositing the capital, and completing various registration forms.

6. Taxation: Limited companies are subject to corporate income tax on their profits. Additionally, if they distribute dividends to members, those dividends might be subject to further taxation.

7. Legal Entity: A Limited Şirket is a separate legal entity from its members, meaning it can enter into contracts, own property, and sue or be sued in its own name.

Given the various responsibilities and regulations associated with establishing and operating a Limited Şirket in Turkey, potential investors or business owners are advised to seek local legal and accounting expertise to ensure compliance and informed decision-making.

The process to form a Limited Şirket (LTD) in Turkey has been streamlined over the years, but the exact duration can still vary based on factors like the accuracy of submitted documents, the workload of the relevant Trade Registry Office, and other bureaucratic processes. On average, under optimal conditions:

1. Preliminary Steps: Choosing a company name and ensuring it’s unique can take a day. Obtaining and notarizing the Articles of Association and other necessary documents can take another 1-2 days.

2. Deposit of Capital: The initial capital should be deposited into a Turkish bank. While the bank process can be completed within a day, as of the last update in January 2022, at least 25% of the capital must be deposited before registration, with the remainder to be paid within 24 months.

3. Registration: After submitting all necessary documents to the Trade Registry Office and obtaining approvals, the registration process can take approximately 3-7 days. This process will also involve the company’s announcement in the Trade Registry Gazette.

4. Tax Office Registration: After the Trade Registry, you need to register with the local tax office and obtain a tax identification number. This can be done in 1-2 days.

5. Additional Registrations: Depending on the nature of the business, there might be additional registrations required, such as with the Social Security Institution (SGK) or for obtaining specific licenses. These can add variable time to the process.

In summary, under optimal conditions, it can take around 1 to 2 weeks to fully establish a Limited Şirket in Turkey. However, delays can occur, so it’s advisable to anticipate potential hiccups and allow for some extra time. Working with a local consultant or legal expert familiar with the incorporation process can help in expediting the procedures and ensuring that all steps are correctly followed.

To form a Limited Şirket (LTD) in Turkey, several documents need to be prepared and submitted to the relevant Trade Registry Office. Here’s a list of the primary documents required:

1. Articles of Association: This is the main document that outlines the company’s operations, management, and other essential details. It should be notarized.

2. Founders’ Statement: A written and notarized declaration from the founders.

3. Bank Receipt: Proof that at least 25% of the capital (as of my last update in January 2022) has been deposited in a Turkish bank. The remainder should be committed to being paid within 24 months.

4. Identification Documents: For each founding member:

   • Turkish residents: Notarized copies of their identification cards.
   • Foreign nationals: Notarized copies of their passports (with a notarized Turkish translation).

5. Power of Attorney: If the founders are not completing the registration process personally and are using representatives, a power of attorney granting authority to the representatives should be provided. This should also be notarized.

6. Chamber Registration Statement: This indicates the details of the company and its members and should be completed for registration with the local Chamber of Commerce.

7. Letter of Commitment: This is a standard form to be filled out, indicating that the founders commit to the accuracy of the provided information and documents.

8. Tax Office Statement: A form to be submitted to the local tax office, indicating the company’s details.

9. Lease Agreement or Title Deed: Proof of the company’s registered address, either through a lease agreement or title deed. Some districts may require a location suitability certificate, ensuring the company’s operation is appropriate for its registered address.

10. Foreign Investment Notification Form: Required if one or more of the shareholders are foreign entities or individuals.

11. Proof of Payment for the Trade Registry Announcement Fee: The company’s establishment needs to be announced in the Trade Registry Gazette, and a fee is associated with this.

The exact list and details might vary based on changes in regulations or specific conditions of the business, such as the involvement of foreign partners or the nature of the business. It’s advisable to consult with a local legal expert or consultant in Turkey to ensure full compliance when setting up a Limited Şirket.

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